Report on relief efforts to Valle de Mexicali
Overview
On Friday, April 16, 2010 a team of 12 persons distributed about $800 in emergency supplies, shelf-stable foods, water, and other necessities to earthquake victims in the Valle de Mexicali area of Mexico, about 30 miles south-southeast of Mexicali in Baja California. The purpose of this report is to recount what we did, what we saw, and try to relate other needs that may be met by future endeavors.
The team consisted of seven Mexican nationals, three lay members from Mision Presbiteriana Monte Horeb in Tijuana, three seminary students from Presbyterian Theological Seminary of Baja California located in Mexicali, and one other Mexicali resident who has family that live and farm in one of the worst affected areas and who acted as our guide. The other team members were myself and my two teen-aged sons, Stephen and John Morgan, all from Tijuana, plus fellow MTW missionary, Ray Calll and his son, Jeremiah. We did distribute about $800 in emergency supplies and were able to see firsthand some of the additional longer-term needs. We shared the Gospel with about 25 families and left food and the Word and Hope. This was a good effort for a first foray.
The Valle de Mexicali is a very rural and rugged area. Temperatures will hit triple digits in May or June and last until late September or October. Most of the area is agricultural (mostly hay and cover crops) surrounding a handful of very small communities. These small communities make up the bulk of the population that was affected worst by the 7.2 Easter earthquake on April 4, 2010. The Mexican government reports over 50,000 homes damaged or destroyed and 250,000 people displaced.
Damage surveyed
Our limited review of the damage seemed to confirm this data as the majority of the simple homes we saw were severely damaged. Most families had vacated their homes and were living in camping tents in small communities wherever there was safe open space to make a temporary home. Every park or public open space we saw was filled with these tent cities. Most of them were grouped by extended family groups of 3 to 25 family units. We stopped at 5 of these groupings and gave basic supplies and foodstuffs to family leaders and also spent time in conversation, prayer and sharing.
Fortunately, we saw lots of evidence of relief efforts, both public and private, meeting many needs. Most of these tent groupings had stores of donated food, water, and clothing that had been provided. Since we were there 12 days post-quake, we perhaps saw the relief effort at or near its peak. I expect that the need for basic items and food will continue for many months and the supply will deplete as the event drifts into history and into the backs of everyone’s minds. We should be prepared to help fill in this gap as it develops in the future. While we saw no evidence of anyone suffering from a lack of food or water, this is a very real possibility as relief aid wanes and as lip-cracking heat bears down starting in late May. The lack of adequate shelter is also a grave concern. Most of the homes in the area have some sort of ventilation and cooling system (swamp coolers). Surviving in a camping tent in 120 degree temperatures will become a challenge for many and even doubtful for some of the displaced persons we saw.
Needs
The biggest long-term physical need is helping them to get life back to normal and helping them figure out what to do as most seem despondent and unable to pick up and move forward. 12 days post-quake, almost everyone (able-bodied men included) is sitting around surrounded by lots of clean-up and rebuilding needs, but unwilling to engage and get to work rebuilding their lives.
Why? The answer to this is complicated and probably impossible to fully understand. I offer these insights based on conversations we had with the victims and discussions among ourselves as team members and insights I’ve had from other Mexicans in the last few days. I have tried to categorize the issues for ease of understanding even though they overlap in many areas.
Uniqueness of the damage:
One surprising but very damaging result of the earthquake was the release of groundwater and mud from depths of up to 10 km. We saw evidence of widespread flooding from enormous quantities of water that were released. Roads, houses, and farmlands were flooded with this water that was salt and sulfur-tainted. We were told by a public official that the groundwater had 15,000 parts per million (ppm) of salt, or about half the salinity of sea water. As a point of reference, irrigation water is no longer considered “permissible” when it exceeds 1,400 ppm and “unsuitable” if it exceeds 2,100 ppm, so the salt water contamination was 7 to 10 times more salty than minimally acceptable irrigation water. As a result, many crops and farms lands have been spoiled. We observed salt crystals covering many areas like a light frost where flooded areas had been dried by the sun. The ground movements also brought forth mud. In some areas there was 1 – 2 feet of fresh mud that bubbled up from the ground. We were told that it bubbled up warm and smelling strongly of sulfur. Some families recounted that the mud and water came up through the floors of their homes and flooded the home with muddy water. We saw plenty of traditional earthquake damage as well. We observed many structures built with poor design to withstand earthquakes. Foundations for bearing walls were often very shallow and many masonry homes seemed to contain no metal re-bars.
Continuing trauma:
Thousands of aftershocks have followed the quake. The day we were there we felt several strong tremors in the mid 4’s and everyone seemed to be anticipating the next ‘big’ one and what more damage it may do. Perhaps the most curious and unsettling was the continuation of ground water releases. We passed a crowd of people in the street gathered around a fresh new artesian flow of ground-water in the middle of the street. It was boiling up with muddy water that was puddling and then running down the street. We were told by others that this was a common occurrence all across this area.
False hope for government help:
Perhaps one of the most common sentiments we heard (and one of the most disappointing) was the anticipation of significant and solvent aid from the government. I was told by one man that there was no need to rebuild his home because the government was going to provide a portable home for his family. It is true that there is Mexican government aid in the form of FEMA house trailers purchased from the US (leftover from the Katrina disaster) that will be provided to the earthquake victims, however, it would be completely unrealistic to expect this level of aid to reach more than just a few victims. Other Mexicans I have spoken with agree with this assessment. One told me that he has family in Mexico City who still talk about the home that “the government is going to give us to replace the one destroyed by the 1985 Mexico City earthquake”. This is what happens to people who have been indoctrinated for generations that their government is the solution to all of life's problems, which is very much what Mexico has done for most of the last century. It is also a lesson for us as aid providers to not ‘harm’ those we wish to help by offering disabling assistance without requiring significant contribution and sacrifice from those who will benefit from our assistance.
Superstitions and ignorance:
In this largely rural area, most of the people are poorly educated. While most Americans may look at such an event and conclude that its effects will pass with time and probably will not be repeated for another 70-80 years, many of the people we talked to seemed to have an attitude that the land was cursed and would never be usable like it had previously been for generations. This lead to hopelessness and a many were contemplating moving away permanently. It was difficult for many to put this event into a reasonable perspective and then make reasonable plans to rebuild their lives for the future. In addition, there was a great deal of uncertainty on what to do about the damaged structures. For some it is obvious that they need to be torn down while for others it is much more difficult to discern what to do. This lack of engineering information causes paralysis.
Widespread economic and social disruption:
Most everyone was unemployed. The entire economic cycle is disrupted starting from a lack of productive work that could produce income to no disposable income for commerce which in turn prevents local employment for stores and shops and services. Everyone is subsisting on donated goods and there are no apparent funds with which to begin construction. Many of the agricultural crops have been spoiled by the salty water and the area is entering its normal hot/dry season where normal agricultural activities subside seasonally. There did not seem to be any hope or near-term prospect for getting regular routines back in place. The entire social and economic fabric of these communities seems to be at a dead stop.
Profound lack of resources:
After such an event in the developed world, there are personal reserves that families can fall back on for survival and immediate repairs and rebuilding. For most Americans, we could probably live for weeks on just what is in our pantry. On average, we also enjoy some degree of financial cushion in the case of a disaster. Not to say that there are not those who struggle financially, but most people have some resources to fall back on. In this area of Mexico, things are just the opposite. Most people have no resources and it is the exceptional citizen who has some savings and reserves to fall back on. This leads to a very real feeling of hopelessness.
All of these factors lead to the paralysis that we saw and this is why these people need our prayers and help. While it is easy to critique an apparent able-bodied people doing very little, it is also very difficult to understand and relate to all of the factors that impact these people. There is a lack of vision and encouragement. If someone could educate them that there is a better construction method that would make a home less likely to collapse in a quake, could advise them if the homes still standing are safe or tell them how to secure and repair it, and if there were a source of funds or assistance for them so see their way clear to do the work, it would make a big difference. This is where I think I would like to see us focus our efforts. I don't pretend to understand all of the dynamics that lead to what I saw. I also don't underestimate the trauma they have experienced and neither do I judge them for what seems to be a lack of purpose or vision, however, I do see this as their most profound need after Christ.
Next Steps
The key to truly good assistance for an organization like ours is to start small and focus efforts in a small community, or perhaps even one small city block with a dozen homes. Our effort should be grounded with sound assistance principles and not further aggravate the dependency trap that currently exists.
My prayer would be for us to recruit a team of resources to assist in the following areas, all targeted at a particular small geographic area. Ideally this would be an area that is in proximity to a local evangelical church who can partner with us in serving their own members as well as others in the immediate area. If we were able to successfully impact even a small area, this may give encouragement to other communities who may self-initiate similar efforts.
Engineering assistance: A simple review of the homes and structures and determining which ones can be rebuilt and which ones should be torn down.
Economic development: A holistic approach to the economic pressures of each family group. What was the source of income and what is its current status. When will it recover and how can that be accelerated. In the long or short term, what other opportunities are there for income producing work.
Rebuilding encouragement and assistance: There should be some limited financial assistance for rebuilding or reconstructing homes and essential structures. This effort must be connected to active participation in the reconstruction effort. Perhaps it could be structured like a community wide effort similar to a series of “barn-raising” events where everyone comes together to rebuild every structure in need in a given area. This kind of effort could also utilize short term teams, but they must not take over or even dwarf the efforts of the community to rebuild itself.
Disaster relief: If a situation develops in the future where there are obvious lacks of basic food, water, or necessities, we can respond to meet those needs. However, we must do those with caution and only for a short time period, otherwise we will extend and exacerbate the very situation we seek to remedy.
Call to Action
I propose that we, as the leadership of BEAMM-West, set out to recruit local and nation-wide support for this affected area. We should meet with key members of the presbytery and with Dios Soberano and invite their input and request their participation. However, I think we probably should plan on providing most of the initial leadership. We should identify specific means for our supporting churches to participate in this effort with categories for financial help and for specific disciplines as outlined above. We can research other ministries who may already be able to provide some of the services mentioned above or others with whom we can coordinate with and form a coordinated network to impact a specific area through a local evangelical church. I see this as being a very long term effort that could last for several years before impacted areas are again stabilized. Our goal should be to minister to these needs in the name of Christ and connect ourselves to and work through the local church as we minister.
Morgan Roe
April 29, 2010